1st Year Physics Notes Chapter 1

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• Introduction of Physics: 
• At the present time, there are three main frontiers of fundamental science. First, the world of the extremely large, the universe itself, Radio telescopes now gather information from the far side of the universe and have recently detected, as radio waves, the "firelight" of the big bang which probably started off the expanding universe nearly 20 billion years ago. Second, the world of the extremely small, that of the particles such as, electrons, protons, neutrons, mesons and others. The third frontier is the world of complex matter. It is also the World of "middle-sized things, from molecules at one extreme to the Earth at the other. This is all fundamental physics, which is the heart of science.
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• But what is physics? According to one definition, physics deals with the study of matter and energy and the relationship between them. The study of physics involves investigating such things as the laws of motion, the structure of space and time, the nature and type of forces that hold different materials together, the interaction between different particles, the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter and so on.
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• By the end of 19th century many physicists started believing that every thing about physics has been discovered. However, about the beginning of the twentieth century many new experimental facts revealed that the laws formulated by the previous investigators need modifications. Further researches gave birth to many new disciplines in physics such as nuclear physics which deals with atomic nuclei. 
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• The measurement of a base quantity involves two steps: first, the choice of a standard, and second, the establishment of a procedure for comparing the quantity to be measured with the standard so that a number and a unit are determined as the measure of that quantity.
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• An ideal standard has two principal characteristics: it is accessible and it is invariable. These two requirements are often incompatible and a compromise has to be made between them.
• Areas of Physics
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• Physical quantities: The quantities which their can be measured physically physical quantities. effect are called or by physics. Examples: Length mass, time, force, speed etc. Types of Physical Quantities:
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• Base Quantities: The quantities in terms of other called base which are not defined physical quantities are quantities. Types of physical quantities with examples measurement of a base quantity. Characteristics of an ideal standard.
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• Derived quantities with examples: Base quantities are of those other the physical quantities physical quantities minimum in can terms be number of which defined.Examples: Length, mass, time etc.
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• Measurement of Base Quantity:  (1) Choice of standard. (2) To the set up quantity procedure with the For comparing standard.
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• Characteristics of an ideal standard: An ideal standard has two main characteristics. (i) It is accessible. (ii) It is invariable.
• 2. Derived Quantities: Derived quantities are on those other whose definitions physical quantities. are based. Example: Velocity, acceleration, Force etc. It is based on two steps. International System of units.
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• Derived unit
• Scientific notation
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• Steradion: It is the dimensional of a Solid angle angle) made ot sphere by an Surface equal to the sphere. (three the centre area Squore Its of its of radius of the Symbol is sr.
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• Scientific Notation: Numbers standard Form uses powers called of are scientific ten. represented notation in which in Should the be internationally only non-zero accepted digit Form left of there decimal.
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• Conventions for indicating units
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• Errors and uncertainties
• Types of errors
• Significant figures
• Rounding of data with examples
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• Precision and accuracy
• Assignment of total uncertainty in the final result
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• Dimensions of physical quantities