12th Physics Chapter 18 Notes

Important Easy to understand Notes of Physics of 12th Physics Chapter 18 Notes written by Professor Mr. Asad Abbas Suib. These notes are very helpful in the preparation of 12th Physics Chapter 18 Notes for students of the 12th class and these are according to the paper patterns of all Punjab Book Boards.

Summary and Contents:
Topics which are discussed in the notes are given below:
  • Important 12th Physics Chapter 18 Exercise for Intermediate part-II students.
  • Definition of Electronics and Main applications of Electronics
  • Brief review of PN Junction and its characteristics
  • What is PN junction or semiconductor diode?
  • Important 12th Physics Chapter 18 Important Questions for Intermediate part-II students.
  • Name Majority charge carriers in n & p type substance?
  • What is Potential barrier?
  • What is Biasing? Describe forward and reverse biased p-n junction.
  • Important 12th Physics Chapter 18 Important Questions for Intermediate part-II students.
  • Symbolic representation of diode
  • What is Rectification? Explain half wave and full wave rectification.
  • Definition of Rectification and rectifier
  • Important class 12 physics chapter 7 handwritten notes for Intermediate part-II students.
  • Definition of Full wave rectification
  • Specially designed PN junction diodes
  • What is LED ( Light Emitting Diode). Write its two uses.
  • What is Photo diode? Write applications.
  • Important 12th class physics chapter 7 exercise for Intermediate part-II students.
  • Applications of photodiode
  • What is Photovoltaic cell? Write its one use.
  • What is Transistor? Give the types of transistor.
  • Biasing requirements under normal operation of transistor:
  • Important 12th class physics chapter 7 exercise solutions for Intermediate part-II students.
  • Explain the Current flow through n-p-n transistor.
  • What are the advantages& disadvantages of transistor?
  • What is amplifier? How Transistor is used as an amplifier? Derive the formula for gain.
  • What is Operational amplifier? Write the characteristics of op-amp?
  • What is inverting amplifier? Explain Operational amplifier as inverting amplifier.
  • What is Non-inverting AMP? Explain OP-AMP as non inverting amplifier.
  • What is comparator? How Operational amplifier is used as comparator?
  • What is night switch and LDR? How OP- AMP is used AS A NIGHT SWITCH?
  • What are Fundamental logic gates?
  • What is OR gate? Write its equation and truth table.
  • What is AND Gate? Write its equation and truth table?
  • What is NOT gate? Write its equation and draw its truth table.
  • What is NOR gate? Write its equation and draw its truth table.
  • What is NAND gate? Write its equation and draw its truth table.
  • What is Ex OR gate? Write its equation and draw its truth table?
  • What is X NOR gate? Write its equation and draw its truth table?
  • Describe the applications of logic gates.
  • How does the motion of an electron in an n-type substance differ from the motion of holes in a p-type substance?
  • What is the net charge on an n-type or a p-type substance?
  • The anode of a diode is 0.2V positive with respect to its cathode. Is it forward biased? 
  • Why charge carriers are not present in the depletion region?
  • What is the effect of forward and reverse biasing of a diode on the width of depletion region?
  • Why ordinary silicon diodes do not emit light?
  • Why a photo diode is operated in reverse biased state?
  • Why is the base current in a transistor very small?
  • What is the biasing requirement of the junctions of a transistor for its normal operation
  • What is the principle of virtual ground?
  • The current flowing into the base of a transistor is100 uA . Find its collector current IC, its emitter current IE and the ratio IC / IE , if the value of current gain beta is 100. 
  • Fig. shows a transistor which operates a relay as the switch S is closed. The relay is energized by a current of 10 mA. Calculate the value RB which will just make the relay operate. The current gain beta of the transistor is 200. When the transistor conducts, its VBE can be assumed to be 0.6 V.
  • There is negligible potential drop between B and E, where beta is 100, calculate (i) base current (ii) collector current (iii) potential drop across RC (iv) VCE.
  • Calculate the output of the op-amp circuit shown in Fig.P.18.4.
  • Calculate the gain of non-inverting amplifier shown in Fig.P.18.5. 

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