11th Class Chemistry Notes

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• Give definitions of the following terms: 1. Relative atomic mass  2. Isotopes   3. Mass spectrometer 4. Mass spectrum 5. Empirical Formula 6. Molecular Formula
• Give definitions of the following terms with examples: 1. Analytical Chemistry 2. Qualitative Analysis  3. Quantitative Analysis  4. Filtration  5. Residue 6. Filtrate 
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• Give definitions of the following terms: 1. Atmospheric pressure 2. Gas Laws 3. Boyle’s Law 4. Charles’s Law 5. Quantitative definition of Charles’s Law  6. Absolute Zero
• Give definitions of the following terms: 1. Intermolecular Forces 2. Intramolecular Forces  3. Dipole-dipole Forces 4. Dipole-induced dipole Forces  5. Ion-dipole Forces 6. Dipole 7. Instantaneous Dipole-Induced Dipole Forces or London Dispersion Forces
• Give definitions of the following terms: 1. Cathode Rays  2. Anode Rays 3. Frequency 4. Wavelength 5. Wave number 6. Spectrum 7. Continuous spectrum
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• Give definitions of the following terms: 1. Octet Rule 2. Atomic Radius 3. Ionic Radius 4. Covalent Radius 5. Ionization Energy 6. Electron Affinity 7. Electronegativity  
• Give definitions of the following terms: 1. Thermochemistry  2. Exothermic Reaction 3. Endothermic Reaction  4. Spontaneous reactions 5. Non-spontaneous reactions 6. System 7. Surrounding   
• Give definitions of the following terms: 1. Reversible Reactions  2. Irreversible Reactions  3. State of Chemical Equilibrium  4. Law of Mass Action 5. Le-Chatelier’s Principle  8. Common Ion Effect
• Give definitions of the following terms: 1. Phase 2. Solution 3. Percentage weight/weight 4. Percentage volume/weight 5. Percentage volume/volume
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• Give definitions of the following terms: 1. Electrochemistry  2. Oxidation number or state 3. Metallic Conduction 4. Electrolytic Conduction 5. Ionization  6. Electrolytic Cell 9. Electrochemical Series
• Give definitions of the following terms: 1. Reaction Kinetics 2. Rate of a Reaction 3. Instantaneous and Average Rate  4. Law of Mass Action 5. Specific Rate Constant or Velocity Constant 6. Rate determining step
• 15. Negative Catalysis 16. Autocatalyst
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• Sublimation: It is a process in which a solid, when heated, vapourizes directly without passing through the liquid phase and these vapours can be condensed to form the solid again. The purpose of sublimation is to purify a solid.
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• For example, ammonium chloride, iodine, naphthalene, benzoic acid etc are sublimates. 12. Solvent Extraction According to solvent extraction a solute can be separated from a solution by shaking the solution with a solvent in which the solute is more soluble and the added solvent does not mix with the solution. 
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  For example, ether extraction. 13. Distribution law/Partition law Solvent extraction is an equilibrium process and follows the distribution law or partition law. This law states that a solute distributes itself between two immiscible liquids in a constant ratio of concentrations irrespective of the amount of solute added. 14. Chromatography Chromatography originates from the Greek word “Khromatos” meaning colour writing. It is a method used for the separation of the components of a mixture sample between stationary phase and mobile phase. For example, paper chromatography.
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• Atomic absorption spectrum: When a beam of white light is passed through a gaseous sample of an element, the element absorbs certain wavelengths while the rest of wavelengths pass through it. The wavelengths of the radiation that have been absorbed by the element appear as dark lines and the background is bright.
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• Quantum numbers: Quantum numbers serve as identification numbers which completely describe an electron. There are four quantum numbers i.e. principal quantum number (n), azimuthal quantum number (l), magnetic quantum number (m) and spin quantum number (s).
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