Physics Practical Class 12

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• 1.To Find the Resistance of a Wire by Slide Wire Bridge: First of all I drew circuit diagram, placed apparatus on table and made connections according to diagram. Then I took a suitable resistance R from resistance box and touched the jockey at end A and then at end C. I found opposite deflection on galvanometer which means connections are correct. I inserted resistance back in the resistance box.
• 2. To Determine Resistance of a Galvanometer by Half Deflection Method: I drew circuit diagram and made tight connections according to diagram. I connected H.R.B, battery, key K₁ and galvanometer in series which forms a loop. Then I connected F.R.B along with K₂ in parallel to galvanometer. I closed K₁ and opened K2. I plug out suitable resistance from H.R.B and obtained even number deflection on galvanometer. Now I also closed K₂ and observed that deflection on galvanometer becomes zero. When both K₁ and K₂ are closed, I plug out shunt resistance S from F.R.B which makes deflection on galvanometer half.
• 3. Experiment to Determine the Resistance of a Voltmeter: I drew circuit diagram and made tight connections according to it with apparatus on table. I observed that high resistance box (H.R.B), battery, key K and voltmeter are connected in series which forms a loop. Then I closed the key K and took out resistance R in regular intervals of 5000 from H.R.B and noted corresponding readings of voltage V on voltmeter and entered them in a table.
• 4. To Determine the Resistance of Voltmeter without Graph: I drew circuit diagram and made tight connections according to it with apparatus on table. I observed that high resistance box (H.R.B), battery, key K and voltmeter are connected in series along with rheostat which forms a loop. Then I closed the key K and obtained even number reading on voltmeter by movement of rheostat with zero resistance of H.R.B. Then I took out suitable resistance R from H.R.B and made reading on voltmeter half. The value of R is equal to resistance of voltmeter.
• 5. Internal Resistance using Potentiometer: I made the connections according to circuit diagram. Closed key K₁ and pressed the jockey at both ends one by one and observed that the deflection is reversed which proves that the circuit is correct. I got balance point (galvanometer shows zero deflection) 11 by sliding jockey on the wire. Then I took out some resistance from low resistance box, closed key K₂, found balance point 12.
• 6. To Determine the EMF of a Cell using Potentiometer: I made connections according to the circuit diagram. I measured the length of wire 'L' of potentiometer with meter rod. Closed key K and pressed the jockey at both ends one by one and observed that the deflection is reversed which proves that the circuit is correct. I adjusted the voltage between A and B by rheostat and then measured this voltage 'E' by voltmeter. I noted length of balance point (where galvanometer shows zero deflection) AB = 1 by sliding jockey on the wire of potentiometer.
• 7. Tungsten Filament: I connected the circuit as shown in figure. I rotated the knob of power supply and noted values of voltage and current in regular steps from voltmeter and ammeter. Then I drew the graph between V & I and observed that the graph is not a straight line which proved that tungsten filament lamp does not obey Ohm's law.
• 8. Charging and Discharging of Capacitor: I drew circuit diagram and made connections according to it. I closed gap 1 and opened gap 2 of two ways key and started stopwatch. I noted current on ammeter after every 10s. I noted that after some time current through capacitor becomes constant which means capacitor is fully charged. I measured this constant current and calculated maximum charge.
• 9. Relationship between Current and Capacitance: I drew circuit diagram and made tight connection according to it with apparatus on table. I measured voltage across secondary of step-down transformer with AC voltmeter. I closed switch S₁ which inserted capacitor of capacitance 0.1µF in circuit and measured corresponding current on AC milli-ammeter. I took four more readings by inserting different capacitors in circuit by its switch using same method.
• 10. Characteristics of Semiconductor Diode Experiment: I drew circuit diagram and connected the diode across the leads of a digital multimeter to check the resistance of a diode. Then I made second resistance check of the diode with the leads reversed. I observed that diode will measure high resistance when it is reverse biased and low resistance when it is forward biased. Also, I observed that the ratio of reverse resistance reading to forward resistance reading is about 10:1 which means it is a good diode. I took a diode and made connections according to circuit diagram. I increased the anode potential in regular steps by using potential divider and measured the corresponding current on millimeter.
• 11. Study the Variation of Electric Current with Intensity of Light using a Photocell: I drew circuit diagram and made tight connections according to it. I turned on electric bulb which was placed at some distance from photocell and change the distance between two by moving bulb to and fro resulting in micro-ammeter deflection which means connections are correct. So I measured the deflection on micro ammeter as current I in regular intervals by varying distance d between bulb and photocell and took six observations.
• 12. To Verify the truth Table of Logic Gates Experiment PDF: I drew circuit diagram and made tight connections according to it with apparatus on table. I applied +5V at Vcc. I applied (0,0) input signal at terminal A and B and I observed that LED at output does not glow. I applied (0,1) input signal at terminal A and B and I observed that LED at output glows applied (1,0) input signal at terminal A and B and I observed that LED at output glows. I applied (1,1) input signal at terminal A and B and I observed that LED at output glows. I noted all observations in a table called truth table.
• 13. To Determine High Resistance by Neon Flash Lamp: I drew circuit diagram. I took ten resistances having range 1-10ΜΩ (or it could be resistance box) and a capacitor of any capacity i.e. 0.2µF. I connected a pair (1 ΜΩ, 0.2 µF) in the circuit and turned on the power supply which resulted in flashing of neon lamp. I measured the time t for 20 flashes and calculated time period T by T=t/20. Then I calculated the time period for pairs (2 ΜΩ, 0.2 µF), (3 ΜΩ, 0.2 μF), (4 ΜΩ, 0.2 µF), and (5 ΜΩ, 0.2 µF) turn by turn by same method.