Class 12 Biology Chapter 16 Notes

• Important class 12 biology chapter 16 mcqs for Intermediate part-II students.
• What is sciatica?  OR  What is sciatica and its causes?
• What is foreman triosseum?  OR What is foreman triosseum? How it is formed?
• What is the role of vascular cambium?
• Important biology class 12 chapter 16 notes for Intermediate part-II students.
• What are synovial joints?
• What is meant by passive and active flight?  OR  Differentiate between active and passive flight. 
• What is rickets? Give its causes and cure.  OR  How is rickets produced?
• Important chapter 16 biology class 12 notes pdf for Intermediate part-II students.
• What is the difference between tetanus and muscle tetany?
• What are the sources of energy for muscle contraction?
• What is the difference between exoskeleton and endoskeleton?  OR What is the composition of exoskeleton?
• Important chapter 16 class 12 biology notes for Intermediate part-II students.
• What is the hematoma formation?
• What is effective and recovery stroke?  OR  Differentiate between effective and recovery stroke. 
• What are plantigrade and unguligrade?  OR  What are plantigrade, digitigrade and unguligrade mammals?
• Important class 12 biology chapter 16 notes pdf download for Intermediate part-II students.
• Compare phototropism and geotropism.
• Compare hinge joint with ball and socket joint.
• Discuss hematoma formation.
• Important class 12 chapter 16 biology notes for Intermediate part-II students.
• Define photonasty and thermonasty.
• Define haptonastic movement.
• Define antagonistic movement of muscles.
• Define ecdysis.  OR  What is the process of ecdysis (moulting).
• Important notes of chapter 16 biology class 12 for Intermediate part-II students.
• Discuss two main types of cartilage. 
• Differentiate between sclerenchyma and collenchyma cells.
• Differentiate between fibers and sclereids.
• Differentiate between compact bone and spongy bone. Give only two differences. 
• Important class 12 biology chapter 16 exercise solutions for Intermediate part-II students.
• Distinguish between axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
• Differentiate between skeletal and smooth muscles. 
• Differentiate between Osteoporosis and Osteomalcia. 
• Distinguish between the phototactic and chemotactic movements. OR What is chemotactic movement? 
• Important class 12 biology chapter 16 important questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• Differentiate between brachialis and brachioradialus.
• Differentiate between origin and insertion of muscle.
• Differentiate between bone and cartilage.
• Important class 12 biology chapter 16 important short questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• Differentiate between heartwood and sapwood.
• Differentiate between vessel and tracheids.
• Differentiate between ligament and tendon.
• Important class 12 biology chapter 16 important questions and answers for Intermediate part-II students.
• Explain two types of nastic movements.  OR  Compare epinasty and hyponasty.
• Define sleep movement in plants with example.
• Important class 12 biology chapter 16 questions and answers for Intermediate part-II students.

• What is sciatica?  It is characterized by stabbing pain radiating over the course of sciatic nerve results due to injury of proximal sciatic nerve, which might follow a fall, a herniated disc or improper administration of an injection into the buttock. 
• Important class 12 biology chapter 16 short questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• What is cartilage?  Cartilage is much softer than bone. It is a form of connective tissue. It covers ends of the bone at the joint, and also supports the flexible portion of nose and external ears.  No blood vessels penetrate into cartilage.
• Important class 12 biology chapter 16 important short questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• What is hydro-skeleton or hydro-static skeleton?  Animals may have a fluidfilled gastrovascular cavity or coelom which can act as hydro-skeleton or hydro-static skeleton. Hydro-static skeleton provides support and resistance to the contraction of muscles so that motility results.
• Important 12 class biology 16 chapter notes for Intermediate part-II students.
• What is difference between animal and plant movements?  Animals move in response to external stimuli by motion, similarly plants also show movements. Animals change their location in response to stimulus. Plants are fixed therefore they change their growth pattern.
• What is chemotactic movement.  The movements in response to stimulus of chemicals is called chemotactic movements. 
• Important chapter 16 Biology class 12 short questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• What is the composition of of exoskeleton?  It is composed of two layers. The epicuticle is the outermost layer and is made up of waxy lipoprotein. The bulb of exoskeleton is below the epicuticle and is called procuticle which is composed of chitin, tough, leathery, polysaccharide and several kinds of proteins.
• Important 12 class biology chapter 16 notes for Intermediate part-II students.