Class 10th Chemistry Chapter 2 Notes

Complete Notes of Chapter No. 10: Acid Bases and Salts Class 10 Notes or Class 10th Chemistry Chapter 2 Notes in Chemistry Urdu Medium by Mr. Tasneem Haider. These computerized notes are very helpful in the preparation of Class 10th Chemistry Chapter 2 Notes for students of the 10th class Chemistry and these are according to the paper patterns of all Punjab boards.

• Here are the detailed 10th class chemistry chapter 2 notes to help you prepare for your exams.
• Important Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) of Chapter No. 10: Acid Bases and Salts for Chemistry Urdu Medium 10th Class.
• Important Short Questions of Chapter No. 10: Acid Bases and Salts for Chemistry Urdu Medium 10th Class.
• Introduction: Acids, bases and salts are three distinct classes in which almost all the organic and inorganic compounds are classified. A famous Muslim Chemist Jabir Bin Hayan prepared nitric acid (HNO3), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4 ). In 1787, Lavoisier named binary compounds of oxygen such as CO2 and SO2 as acids which on dissolution in water gave acidic solutions. Later on in 1815, Sir Humphrey Davy discovered that there are certain acids which are without oxygen, e.g., HCl.
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• Davy proved the presence of hydrogen as the main constituent of all acids. It was also discovered that all water soluble metallic oxides turn red litmus blue, which is a characteristics of bases. The word acid is derived from the Latin word ‘Acidus’ meaning sour. The first acid known to man was acetic acid, i.e., in the form of vinegar.
• Acids: Acids have sour taste. For example, unripe citrus fruits or lemon juice. They turn blue litmus red. They are corrosive in concentrated form. Their aqueous solutions conduct electric current.
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• Bases: Bases have bitter taste and feel slippery, for example, soap is slippery to touch. They turn red litmus blue. They are non-corrosive except concentrated forms of NaOH and KOH. Their aqueous solutions conduct electric current.
• Arrhenius Concept of Acids and Bases: According to Arrhenius concept (1787): Acid is a substance which dissociates in aqueous solution to give hydrogen ions. In general, the ionization of acids take place. For example, substances such as HC1, HNO3 , CH3 COOH, HCN, etc., are acids because they ionize in aqueous solutions to provide H+ ions.
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• Limitations of Arrhenius Concept: This concept is applicable only in aqueous medium and does not explain nature of acids and bases in non-aqueous medium.
• According to this concept, acids and bases are only those compounds which contain hydrogen (H+) and hydroxide (OH ) ions, respectively. It can’t explain the nature of compounds like CO2, NH3, etc. which are acid and base, respectively. Although this concept has limited scope yet, it led to the development of more general theories of acid-base behaviour.
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• Bronsted-Lowrv Concept: In 1923, the Danish chemist Bronsted and the English chemist Lowry independently presented their theories of acids and bases on the basis of proton-transfer. According to this concept:
• An acid is a substance (molecule or ion) that can donate a proton (H+) to another substance. 
• A base is a substance that can accept a proton (H+) from another substance. For example, HCl acts as an acid while NH3  acts as a base:
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• Uses of Acids: Sulphuric acid is used to manufacture fertilizers, ammonium sulphate, calcium superphosphate, explosives, paints, dyes, drugs. It is also used as an electrolyte in lead storage batteries.
• Nitric acid is used in manufacturing of fertilizer (ammonium nitrate), explosives, paints, drugs and etching designs on copper plates.
• Hydrochloric acid is used for cleaning metals, tanning and in printing industries.
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• Benzoic acid is used for food preservation.
• Acetic acid is used for flavouring food and food preservation. It is also used to cure the sting of wasps.
• Q: Define an acid and a base according to Bronsted-Lowry concept and justify with examples that water is an amphoteric compound.
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• Q: Explain the Lewis concept of acids and bases.
• Q: What is auto-ionization of water? How is it used to establish the pH of water?
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• Q: Define a salt and give the characteristic properties of salts.
• Q: Explain with examples how are soluble salts prepared?
• Q: Give the characteristics of an acidic salt.
• By Reading class 10 chemistry chapter 2 notes pdf explore detailed explanations and examples to enhance your understanding.