Chemistry Class 10 Chapter 3 Important Questions

• Here are the detailed chemistry chapter 3 class 10 important questions to help you prepare for your exams.
• Important Multiple Choice Questions of Chapter Number 11: Organic Chemistry of Chemistry class 10th Urdu Medium.
• Important Short Questions of Chapter Number 11: Organic Chemistry of Chemistry class 10th Urdu Medium.
• Aromatic compounds: These organic compounds contain at least one benzene ring in their molecule. A benzene ring is made up of six carbon atoms with three alternating double bonds. They are called aromatic because of aroma or smell they have. 
• Alicyclic or non-benzenoid compounds: Carbocyclic compounds which do not have benzene ring in their molecules are called alicyclic or non-benzenoid compounds.
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• (b) Heterocyclic compounds: Cyclic compounds that contain one or more atoms other than that of carbon atoms in their rings are called heterocyclic compounds.
• Diversity and Magnitude of Organic Compounds: There are a total of 118 elements known today. The number of organic compounds (carbon compounds) is more than ten million. This number is far more than the number of compounds of all the remaining elements taken together. The existence of such a large number of organic compounds is due to the following reasons:
• (i) Catenation: The main reason for the existence of a large number of organic compounds is that carbon atoms can link with one another by means of covalent bonds to form long chains or rings of carbon atoms. The chains can be straight or branched. The ability of carbon atoms to link with other carbon atoms to form long chains and large rings is called catenation.
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• (ii) Isomerism: Another reason for the abundance of organic compounds is the phenomenon of isomerism. The compounds are said to be isomers if they have the same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms in their molecules or different structural formulae. 
• (iii) Strength of covalent bonds of carbon: Due to its very small size, carbon can form very strong covalent bonds with other carbon atoms, hydrogen, oxygen,nitrogen and halogens. This enables it to form a large number of compounds.
• (iv) Multiple bonding: In order to satisfy its tetravalency, carbon can make multiple bonds (i.e., double and triple bonds). This further adds to the possible number of structures. For example, two carbons in ethane are linked by a single covalent bond, by a double covalent bond in ethylene and a triple covalent bond in acetylene.
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• SOURCES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: Organic compounds are prepared naturally by animals and plants. Animals synthesize two main groups of organic compounds: proteins and fats. Proteins are meat, mutton, chicken and eggs, etc. Fats are present in milk, butter, etc. Plants synthesize; carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, etc Moreover, dead plants buried under Earth’s crust are converted through biochemical processes to coal, petroleum and gas. These materials are the main sources of organic compounds. We can get thousands of organic compounds by the destructive distillation of coal and fractional distillation of petroleum.
• Petroleum: Petroleum is a dark brownish or greenish black coloured viscous liquid. It is a complex mixture of several solid, liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons in water mixed with salts and earth particles. Petroleum is a main source of organic compounds. It consists of several compounds mainly hydrocarbons. These compounds are separated by fractional distillation (separation of fractions or components depending upon their boiling point ranges). These fractions and their uses are provided. Each fraction is not a single compound, rather each of it consists of different organic compounds.
• Natural Gas: It is a mixture of low molecular mass hydrocarbons. The main component about 85% is methane, along with other gases: ethane, propane and butane. Its origin is similar to that of coal and petroleum. Therefore, it is found with their deposits. Natural gas is used as fuel in homes as well as in industries. It is used as fuel in automobiles as compressed natural gas (CNG). Natural gas is also used to make carbon black and fertilizer.