Chemistry Chapter 4 Class 10 Notes

Complete Notes of Chapter No. 12: Hydrocarbons Class 10 or chemistry chapter 4 class 10 notes by Mr. Tasneem Haider. These computerized notes are very helpful in the preparation of chemistry chapter 4 class 10 notes for students of the 10th class Chemistry and these are according to the paper patterns of all Punjab boards.

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• Important Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) of Chapter No. 12: Hydrocarbons for Chemistry Urdu Medium 10th Class.
• Important Short Questions of Chapter No. 12: Hydrocarbons for Chemistry Urdu Medium 10th Class.
• Hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbons are those compounds which are made up of only carbon and hydrogen elements. Hydrocarbons are regarded as the parent organic compounds since other organic compounds are considered to be derived from them by the replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by other atoms or group of atoms.
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• Types of Hydrocarbons On the basis of structure, hydrocarbons are divided into two main classes:
• (i) Open chain or Aliphatic hydrocarbons: These are the compounds in which the first and the last carbon are not directly joined to each other. The open chains of carbon may be straight or branched.
• Types of open chain hydrocarbons: Open chain hydrocarbons have been further subdivided into saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
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• (a) Saturated hydrocarbons The hydrocarbon in which all the four valencies of carbon atoms are fully satisfied (saturated) by single bonds with other carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms are called saturated hydrocarbons. Saturated hydrocarbons are also called alkanes. Thus, an alkane is a hydrocarbon in which the carbon atoms are connected by only single covalent bond (there are no double or triple covalent bonds in alkanes). Methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10) are all saturated hydrocarbons because they contain only carbon-carbon single bonds.
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• (b) Unsaturated hydrocarbons: The hydrocarbons in which two carbon atoms are linked by a double or a triple bond are called unsaturated hydrocarbons. The compounds in which two carbon atoms are linked by a double bond are called alkenes. For example, ethene and propene. The hydrocarbons in which two carbon atoms are linked by a triple bond are called alkynes.
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• ALKANES: The simplest hydrocarbons are alkanes. In these compounds, all the bonds of carbon atoms are single that means valencies of carbon atoms are saturated. Therefore, they are least reactive. That is the reason, alkanes are called paraffins (para means less, and affins means affinity or reactivity). Alkanes form a homologous series of compounds in which each successive member of the series differs by a CH2 group but they have similar structures and similar chemical properties. The first member of the series is methane (CH4), next ethane (C2H6), then next propane (C3H8). 
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• Sources of Alkanes: 1. The main sources of alkanes are petroleum and natural gas. 2. Methane forms about 85% of natural gas. 3. All the alkanes are obtained commercially by the fractional distillation of crude petroleum. 4. Marsh gas is formed by the bacterial decay of vegetable matter contains mostly methane. 5. Fuel gases obtained from coal gas contain alkanes in small amounts. 6. Methane occurs in gobar gas, sewage gas and biogas which are formed by the decomposition of cattle dung, excreta and plant wastes.
• Preparation of Alkanes: As we know, alkanes form a series of homologous compounds. So, their methods of preparation and chemical properties are similar. Although, there are many methods of preparation, but only two methods are discussed here.
• Physical Properties of Alkanes: 1. Alkanes form a homologous series of compounds. First four members of the series are gases. The alkanes consisting of C5 to C10 are liquids while higher members of the series are solids. 2. They are nonpolar, therefore, they are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. 3. The density of alkanes increases gradually with the increase of molecular size. 
• Uses of Methane and Ethane: (i) Natural gas that is chiefly methane is used as domestic fuel. (ii) Compressed natural gas (CNG) is used as automobile fuel. (iii) These gases are used in the manufacture of chemicals such as carbon black, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde.