Ch 2 Chemistry Class 11 Notes

• Here are the detailed ch 2 class 11 chemistry notes to help you prepare for your exams.
• Definition of Filtration 
• What is Filtration through Filter Paper with procedure
• Definition of Crystallization with its Principle
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• Definition of Sublimation with its examples 
• Definition of Solvent Extraction with its examples 
• Definition of Chromatography with its examples 
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• Methods to Perform Chromatography
• Techniques of Chromatography
• Types of chromatography  (i) Adsorption chromatography (ii) Partition chromatography
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• Uses of Chromatography.
• The process of filtration is used to separate insoluble particles from liquids. Filter Media The filter media used are: a. Filter paper b. Filter crucible Nature of the precipitate and other factors dictate which filter medium must be used. Filtration through Filter Paper Filtration by a glass funnel and filter paper is usually a slow process.
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• Filter papers are available in a variety of porosites (pore sizes). Which pore size is to be used, depends upon the size of particles in the precipitate. Procedure 1. The mixture is poured onto the filter paper. 2. The solvent (water) passes through leaving behind the suspended particles on the filter paper.
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• The filter paper should be large enough so that it is one-fourth to one-half full of precipitate at the end of filtration. 4. The funnel should be large enough for its rim to extend 1 to 2 cm above the top circumference of the paper. 5. The stem of the funnel should remain continuously full of liquid as long as there is liquid in the conical portion.
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• The stem of the funnel should be several inches long so that it can extend a few centimeters down into the receiving beaker. 7. The tip should touch the side of the beaker. The filtrate runs down the side of beaker without splashing. Folding of Filter Paper The paper should be folded twice. The first fold should be along the diameter of the paper.
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• The second fold should be such that edges do not quite match. The paper should be opened on the slightly larger section. This provides a cone with three fold thickness halfway around and one thickness the other halfway around. An apex angle very slightly greater than 60 degrees is formed. The paper is inserted into 60 degree funnel, moistened with water and firmly pressed down.
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• The filtering operation should be aided by a gentle suction as liquid passes through the stem. This suction cannot develop unless the paper tightly fits all around its upper circumference.
• Define Crystallization: is the removal of a solid from solution by increasing its concentration above the saturation point in such a manner that the excess solid separates out in the form of crystals.
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• Principle The solute should be soluble in a suitable solvent at high temperature and the excess amount of the solute is thrown out as crystals when it is cooled. Choice of a Solvent Following are the characteristics of an ideal solvent: i. It should dissolve a large amount of the substance at its boiling point and only a small amount at the room temperature. ii. It should not react chemically with the solute. iii. It should either not dissolve the impurities or the impurities should not crystallize from it along with the solute. iv. On cooling it should deposit well-formed crystals of the pure compound. v. It should be inexpensive. vi. It should be safe to use and should be easily removable.