2nd Year Physics Chapter 21 Notes
Complete handwritten notes of 2nd Year Physics Chapter 21 Notes written by Professor Mr. Adnan Haider. These notes are very helpful in the preparation of 2nd Year Physics Chapter 21 Notes for the students of the intermediate and these are according to the paper patterns of all Punjab boards.
Summary and Contents:
Topics which are discussed in the notes are given below:
- Important 2nd year physics chapter 21 mcqs for Intermediate part-II students.
- Rutherford's nuclear model of an atom.
- Structure of the nucleus, Unified Mass Scale u, Charge Number z, Neutron Number N, Mass Number A
- Definition of isotopes with examples And chemical properties of isotopes
- Important 2nd year physics chapter 21 important short questions for Intermediate part-II students.
- Mass spectrograph with its principle and construction
- Mass defect and binding energy
- Definition and discovery of radioactivity
- Nuclear transmutation or radioactive decay
- Important 2nd year physics chapter 21 important long questions for Intermediate part-II students.
- Definition of half-life with examples and conclusions
- Interaction of radiation with matter: (i) Interaction of Alpha particles with matter (ii) interaction of Beta particles with matter (iii) interaction of the particles Gamma Rays with the matters
- Important 2nd year physics chapter 21 numericals for Intermediate part-II students.
- Radiation detectors: Wilson Cloud Chamber
- Quenching of the discharge
- Nuclear Reactions and Nuclear Fission and Fusion Reaction
- Important 2nd year physics chapter 21 exercise short questions for Intermediate part-II students.
- Different methods for producing fusion reaction
- Biological effects of radiation (i) activity (ii) unit (iii) Becquerel (iv) Cuerie (v) Absorbed Dose (vi) Equivalent Dose
- Why must a Geiger Muller tube for detecting gemma - particles have a very thin end window? Why does a Geiger Muller tube for detecting Gemma -rays not need a window at all?
- Important 2nd year physics chapter 21 important questions for Intermediate part-II students.
- Describe the principle of operation of a solid-state detector of ionizing radiation in terms of generation and detection of charge carriers.
- What do we mean by the term critical mass?
- Important 2nd year physics chapter 21 conceptual questions for Intermediate part-II students.
- Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power compared to the use of fossil fuel generated power.
- What factors make a fusion reaction difficult to achieve?
- Discuss the advantage and disadvantages of fusion power from the point of safety, and resources.
- Important 2nd year physics chapter 21 solved exercise for Intermediate part-II students.
- What do you understand by “background radiation”? State two sources of this radiation.
- If someone accidently swallow an source and a source, which would be the more dangerous to him? Explain why?
- Which radiation dose would deposit more energy to the body (a) 10 mGy to the hand, or (b) 1 mGy dose to the entire body?
- Important 2nd year physics chapter 21 exercise for Intermediate part-II students.
- What is a radioactive tracer? Describe one application each in medicine, agriculture and industry.
- What information is revealed by the length and shape of the tracks of an incident particle in Wilson cloud chamber?
- Device is used to monitor radiations received by worker in nuclear facilities: Film badge dosimeter Types of radioactive waste:
- Important 2nd year physics chapter 21 solved numericals for Intermediate part-II students.
- The element Pa 234 91 is unstable and decays by beta-emission with a half-life 6.66 hours. State the nuclear reaction and the daughter nuclei.
- What are isotopes? What do they have in common and what are their differences?
- Important 2nd year physics chapter 21 full for Intermediate part-II students.
- What fraction of a radioactive sample decays after two half-lives have elapsed?
- The radioactive element Ra 226 88 has a half-life of 1.6 x 10^3 years. Since the Earth is about 5 billion years old, how can you explain why we still can find this element in nature?
- Describe a brief account of interaction of various types of radiations with matter.
- Explain how alpha and beta-particles may ionize an atom without directly hitting the electrons? What is the difference in the action of the two particles for producing ionization?
- Which isotope is used for blood circulation checking
- Which isotope is used to cure cancer in radiotherapy
- Which isotopes is used to cure thyroid cancer.