2nd Year Physics Chapter 18 Notes

• Important 2nd year physics chapter 18 mcqs for Intermediate part-II students.
• A brief review of P-N junction and its characteristics
• Forward biased by P-N junction and reverse Biased P-N junction
• Important 2nd year physics chapter 18 notes pdf for Intermediate part-II students.
• Rectification with its type half wave rectification full wave rectification
• Specially designed P-N junctions
• Light emitting diode, photodiode, photo voltaic cell
• Important 2nd year physics chapter 18 important questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• Transistors and current flow in a n-p-n Transistor
• Transistor as an amplifier
• Transistor as a switch and operational amplifier
• Important 2nd year physics chapter 18 important short questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• Characteristics of input resistance, output resistance, open loop gain
• OP-AMP as Inverting amplifier
• OP-AMP as a Non-Inverting amplifier
• Important 2nd year physics chapter 18 conceptual questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• OP-AMP as a comparator
• Comparator as a night Switch and Digital systems
• Fundamental logic gates (i) OR gate  (ii) and Gate  (iii) Not gate
• Important 2nd year physics chapter 18 exercise short questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• Other logic gates and nor Gate, NAND gate, exclusive OR gate (XOR ), and Exclusive- NOR gate (XNOR)
• Applications of gates in control systems
• Important 2nd year physics chapter 18 long questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• 1. Describe forward and reverse biasing of a p-n junction.
• 2 Understand half and full wave rectification.
• 3. Know the uses of light emitting diode, photo diode and photo voltaic cell.
• Important 2nd year physics chapter 18 important long questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• 4. Describe the operation of transistor.
• 5. Know current equation and solve related problems.
• 6. Understand the use of transistors as an amplifier and a switch.
• Important 2nd year physics chapter 18 solved exercise for Intermediate part-II students.
• 7. Understand operational amplifier and its characteristics.
• 8. Know the applications of an operational amplifier as inverting and non-inverting amplifier using virtual ground concept.
• 9. Understand the use of an operational amplifier as a comparator e.g.. night switch.
• Important 2nd year physics chapter 18 exercise for Intermediate part-II students.
• 10. Understand the function of each of the following logic gates: AND, NOT, OR and NAND gates and represent their functions by means of truth tables (limited to a maximum of two inputs).
• Important 2nd year physics chapter 18 solved numericals for Intermediate part-II students.
• 11. Describe how to combine different gates to form XOR and XNOR gates.
• 12 Understand combinations of logic gates to perform control functions.
• Important 2nd year physics chapter 18 numericals for Intermediate part-II students.
• The huge advances in electronics over the recent past are due to discovery and use of semi-conductors. Silicon is one of the most commonly used semi-conductors, and is the basic material from which highly sophisticated integrated circuits known as 'chips' are made. The use of chips in analogue as well as in digital electronics is described in the form of the black boxes. This chapter is based on the preliminary concepts introduced in the secondary school physics course.
• Important 2nd year physics chapter 18 full for Intermediate part-II students.
• Brief review of P-N junction and its characteristics: A p-n junction is formed when a crystal of germanium or silicon is grown in such a way that its one half is doped with a trivalent impurity and the other half with a pentavalent impurity. One of the most important building blocks of electronic devices is the p-n junction. Its n-region contains free electrons as majority charge carriers and p-region contains holes as majority charge carriers. Just after the formation of the junction, the free electrons in the n-region, because of their random motion, diffuse into the p-region. As a result of this diffusion, a region is formed around the junction in which charge carriers are not present. This region is known as depletion region.
• Important 2nd year physics chapter 18 important long for Intermediate part-II students.
• Forward Biased P-N junction: When an external potential difference is applied across a p-n junction such that p-side is positive and n-side is negative, then this external potential difference supplies energy to free electrons in the n-region and two holes in p-region. When this energy is sufficient to overcome the potential barrier, a current of the order of a few mili-amperes begins to flow across the p-n junction. In this state the p-n junction is said to be forward biased.