2nd Year Physics Chapter 16 Notes

• Important 2nd year physics chapter 16 mcqs for Intermediate part-II students.
• What is alternating current
• Instantaneous value and peak value
• Peak-to-peak value  and Root mean square value
• Important 2nd year physics chapter 16 exercise short questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• Phase of A.C, Phase leg, and Phase lead
• Vector representation of an alternating quantity
• AC circuits, AC through a resistor, AC through a capacitor
• Important 2nd year physics chapter 16 notes pdf for Intermediate part-II students.
• AC through an inductor
• Definition of Impedance
• R-C and R-L series circuits
• Important 2nd year physics chapter 16 important questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• Power in A.C circuits
• Series resonance circuit
• Parallel resonance circuit
• Important 2nd year physics chapter 16 solved exercise for Intermediate part-II students.
• Three-phase AC supply
• Principle of metal detectors
• What is Choke and Electromotive Waves
• Important 2nd year physics chapter 16 exercise for Intermediate part-II students.
• Principle of generation transmission and reception of Electro electromagnetic waves
• Modulation with its type  (i)  Amplitude Modulation   (ii)  frequency modulation
• Important 2nd year physics chapter 16 solved numericals for Intermediate part-II students.
• We have read in the last chapter that an A.C. generator produces alternating voltage / current. Now a days most of the electrical energy is produced by A.C. generators using water power or huge steam turbines. The main reason for the world wide use of A .C . is that it can be transmitted to long distances easily and at a very low cost.
• Important 2nd year physics chapter 16 conceptual questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• Alternating current: Alternating current (A.C.) is that which is produced by a voltage source whose polarity keeps on reversing with time. In (a), the terminal A of the source is positive with respect to terminal B and it remains so during a time interval 0 to T / 2. At t = T / 2, the terminals change their polarity. Now A becomes negative with respect to B. This state continues during the time interval T / 2 to T, after which terminal A again becomes positive with respect to B and the next cycle starts. As a result of this change of polarity, the direction of the current flow in the circuit also changes. During the time 0 - T / 2, it flows in one direction and during the interval T / 2 -T in opposite direction. This time interval T during which the voltage source changes its polarity once is known as period 7 of the alternating current or voltage. Thus an alternating quantity is associated with a frequency /given by  f = 1 / T
• Important 2nd year physics chapter 16 important short questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• The most common source of alternating voltage is an A.C. generator which has been described in the previous chapter. The output V of this A C. generator at any instant is given by  V = V0 sin 2π / T x t.
• Important 2nd year physics chapter 16 long questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• Instantaneous value: The value of voltage or current that exists in a circuit at any instant of time t measured from some reference point is known as its instantaneous value. It can have any value between plus maximum value + V, and negative maximum value - V0 and is denoted by V. The entire waveform is actually a set of all the instantaneous values that exist during a period T.
• Important 2nd year physics chapter 16 important long questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• Phase lag and phase lead: In practice, the phase difference between two alternating quantities is more important than their absolute phases. Two waveforms 1 and 2. The phase angles of the waveform 1 at the points A, B, C, D and E have been shown above the axis and those of waveform 2 below the axis. At the point B, the phase of 1 is π / 2 and that of 2 is 0. Similarly it can be seen that at each point the phase of waveform 2 is less than the phase of waveform 1 by an angle of π / 2. We say that A.C. 2 is lagging behind A.C.
• Important 2nd year physics chapter 16 numericals for Intermediate part-II students.