2nd Year Physics Chapter 13 Notes
Complete handwritten easy to understandable notes of 2nd Year Physics Chapter 13 Notes written by Mr. Tayyab Shahzad. These notes are very helpful in the preparation of 2nd Year Physics Chapter 13 Notes for the students of the intermediate and these are according to the paper patterns of all Punjab boards.
Summary and Contents:
Topics which are discussed in the notes are given below:
- Important 2nd year physics chapter 13 mcqs for Intermediate part-II students.
- Definition of electric current and direction of electric
- current through a metallic conductor
- Source of current
- Important 2nd year physics chapter 13 important long questions for Intermediate part-II students.
- Effects of current are (i) heating effect (ii) magnetic effect (iii) chemical effect
- Ohm's Law
- Review of a series and parallel combinations of resistors
- Important 2nd year physics chapter 13 exercise short questions for Intermediate part-II students.
- Resistivity and its dependence upon temperature
- Color code for Carbon resistances
- Rheostat and Thermistors
- Electrical power and power dissipation in resistors
- Important 2nd year physics chapter 13 solved exercise for Intermediate part-II students.
- Electromotive force and potential difference
- Maximum power output
- Kirchhoff's Rules with its types
- Important 2nd year physics chapter 13 numericals for Intermediate part-II students.
- The procedure of a solution to circuit problems
- Wheatstone Bridge
- Potentiometer
- Important 2nd year physics chapter 13 long questions for Intermediate part-II students.
- Most practical applications of electricity involve charges in motion or the electric current.
A light bulb glows due to the flow of electric current. The current that flows through the coil of
a motor causes its shaft to rotate. Most of the devices in the industry and in our homes operate with current. The electric current has become a
necessity of our life.
- Important 2nd year physics chapter 13 notes pdf for Intermediate part-II students.
- Electric current: An electric current is caused by the motion of electric charge.
If a net charge ΔQ passes through any cross section of a
conductor in time Δt, we say that an electric current I has
been established through the conductor where, I = ΔQ / Δt
- Important 2nd year physics chapter 13 important questions for Intermediate part-II students.
- The SI unit of current is ampere and it is a current due to flow
of charge at the rate of one coulomb per second.
Motion of electric charge which causes an electric current is
due to the flow of charge carriers. In case of metallic
conductors, the charge carriers are electrons. The charge
earners in electrolyte are positive and negative ions e.g.. in a
CuSO4 solution the charge carriers are Cu and SO4 ions.
In gases, the charge carriers are electrons and ions.
- Important 2nd year physics chapter 13 important short questions for Intermediate part-II students.
- Current direction: Early scientists regarded an electric current as a flow of
positive charge from positive to negative terminal of the
battery through an external circuit. Later on. it was found that
a current in metallic conductors is actually due to the flow of
negative charge carriers called electrons moving in the
opposite direction i.e.. from negative to positive terminal of
the battery, but it is a convention to take the direction of
current as the direction in which positive charges flow.
- Important 2nd year physics chapter 13 conceptual questions for Intermediate part-II students.
- This
current is referred as conventional current. The reason is that
it has been found experimentally that positive charge moving
m one direction is equivalent in all external effects to a
negative charge moving in the opposite direction. As the
current is measured by its external effects so a current due to
motion of negative charges, after reversing its direction of
flow can be substituted by an equivalent current due to flow of
positive charges. Thus
- Important 2nd year physics chapter 13 solved exercise for Intermediate part-II students.
- "The conventional current In a circuit is defined as
that equivalent current which passes from a point at
higher potential to a point at a lower potential as if it
represented a movement o f positive charges".
- Important 2nd year physics chapter 13 exercise for Intermediate part-II students.
- Current through a metallic conductor: In a metal, the valence electrons are not attached to
individual atoms but are free to move about within the body.
These electrons are known as free electrons. The free
electrons are in random motion just like the molecules of a
gas in a container and they act as charge carriers in metals.
The speed of randomly moving electrons depends upon
temperature.
- Important 2nd year physics chapter 13 solved numericals for Intermediate part-II students.