2nd Year Chemistry Chapter 15 Notes

• Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 15 mcqs for Intermediate part-II students.
• What are fertilizers?
• Classify elements essential for plant growth.
• Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 15 short questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• What are micro-nutrients?
• What are macro-nutrients?
• What is meant by the requirement of a fertilizer?
• Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 15 solved exercise for Intermediate part-II students.
• What are the essential qualities of a good fertilizer?
• Mention any four essential qualities of a good fertilizer.
• What is the importance of nitrogen in plant growth?
• Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 15 important long questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• Mention the steps involved in the manufacturing of urea. 
• Which reactions are involved in the manufacturing of urea? 
• Draw flow sheet diagram for the manufacture of urea.
• Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 15 long questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• Mention the chemical reaction involved in the manufacturing of ammonium nitrate.
• What is the role of phosphorus in plant growth?
• Mention the chemical reaction for the preparation of diammonium phosphate. 
• Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 15 important short questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• What is the role of potassium in plant growth?
• Mention the chemical reaction involved in the manufacturing of potassium nitrate. 
• What is meant by prilling of urea?
• Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 15 notes pdf for Intermediate part-II students.
• Give preparation of Portland cement as carried out by Joseph Aspdin. Why it is named so?
• Which raw materials are used for the manufacturing of cement?
• Give percentage composition of cement/Give percentage composition of Portland cement. 
• Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 15 solved exercise pdf for Intermediate part-II students.
• Which factors decide about the manufacturing process of cement?
• Enlist the steps involved in wet process. 
• Give different zones in the rotary kiln and their temperature ranges. 
• Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 15 solved exercise short questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• What is clinker formation?  
• Draw flow sheet diagram for the manufacturing of cement by wet process.
• What is meant by setting of cement? Mention the reactions involved in setting of cement.
• Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 15 exercise short questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• Mention non-woody raw materials used in paper industry.
• Mention woody raw materials used in paper industry.
• Write down two woody and two non-woody raw materials for paper pulp manufacture.
• Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 15 exercise for Intermediate part-II students.
• What is meant by NSSC? Why it is commonly used in Pakistan?
• Briefly describe process of neutral sulphite semi-chemical process. 
• Mention the steps involved in neutral sulphite semi-chemical process. 
• Write down digestion process for the preparation of pulp.
• Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 15 long questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• Why lignin is removed from pulp?
• What are the common bleaching agents used in paper industry in Pakistan?
• Mention the parts of paper making machine.

• Pakistan had an almost negligible industrial base at the time of its creation in l947. For the past 55 years the country has undergone a structural change from a purely agrarian economy to a semi-chemical industrial state. Pakistan has developed most of the consumer goods industries. Heavy industries like iron, fertilizer, cement and paper are also on the road to development.
• The natural resources are being exhausted with growing population and increase in the standard of living all over the world. To meet this situation the scientists and technologists are busy in the development of the substitute materials from cheaper and reusable sources, e.g. the natural fibres like cotton, silk, wool cannot meet the clothing requirements of the world, therefore, scientists have developed the artificial fibres.

• Early History: Agriculture has been one of the oldest industry known to man. The use of manure as a fertilizer dates back to the beginning of agriculture. Since 5000 B.C, the Chinese have been using animal manure in their fields. A manure is an organic material used to fertilize land and it usually consists of faeces and urine of domestic livestock. The first prerequisite to the use of fertilizers was an understanding of the function of plant nutrients in plant growth.
• What are Fertilizers? Fertilizers are the substances added to the soil to make up the deficiency of essential elements like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) required for the proper growth of plants. Fertilizers enhance the natural fertility of the soil or replenish the chemical elements taken up from soil by the previous crops.