2nd Year Chemistry Chapter 13 Notes

• Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 13 mcqs for Intermediate part-II students.
• How carboxylic acids are classified?
• Why are lower carboxylic acids soluble in water?
• The boiling points of carboxylic acids are relatively higher. Why?
• Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 13 short questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• Why do mostly carboxylic acids exist as dimers?
• Tell about the trend of melting point of carboxylic acids.
• Discuss reactivity of carboxylic acids. 
• Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 13 solved exercise for Intermediate part-II students.
• What type of reactions do carboxylic acids give?
• Write structural formula of Phthalic and Malonic acid.
• What is glacial acetic acid?
• Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 13 solved exercise for Intermediate part-II students.
• Give uses of acetic acid ( Mention any four as answer to short question )
• Define amino acids? Give examples. 
• What is the difference between essential and non-essential amino acids? 
• Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 13 solved exercise pdf for Intermediate part-II students.
• Discuss structure of amino acids (OR) What is a zwitter ion Or What is internal salt?
• Discuss acidic and basic character of amino acids.
• Differentiate between acidic and basic amino acids.
• Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 13 important long questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• Define neutral amino acid with example. 
• How amino acid is prepared by Strecker’s synthesis?
• How carboxylic acids can be converted in to α-amino acid?
• Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 13 notes pdf for Intermediate part-II students. 
• What is the difference between a protein and a polypeptide?
• What are α-amino acids, proteins and peptides? How are they related?
• Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 13 important questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• Write formulae of glycine and alanine. 
• What happens when calcium acetate is heated?
• What happens when sodium formate and soda lime are heated?
• Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 13 solved exercise short questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• What happens when ammonium acetate is heated?
• How will you convert acetic acid in to acetamide? 
• How will you convert acetic acid to acetone? 
• Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 13 exercise for Intermediate part-II students.
• What are Fatty acids? How acid chlorides are made by them?
• Write reactions of acetic acid with HI/red P and NH3 / heat. 
• How will you convert acetic acid in to methane and acetic anhydride?
• Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 13 important short questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• How carboxylic acids can be obtained from Alkene?
• How acetic acid reacts with PCl5 and SOCl2?
• Write down the names of the following compounds by IUPAC.
• Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 13 long questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• 1. How to name carboxylic acids and their derivatives.
• 2. The commercial method for the preparation of acetic acid.
• 3. The relationship between the structure of carboxyl group and its reactivity.
• 4. The effect of hydrogen bonding on the physical properties of carboxylic acids.
• 5. The ways of preparing four derivaties of carboxylic acids and the conversion of these derivatives back to carboxylic acids.
• 6. About amino acids and their significance.

• The common names of carboxylic acids were derived from the source from which they are isolated. The irritation caused by an ant bite is due to formic acid (Latin word formica, ant). It was first isolated by the distillation of red ants. Similarly acetic acid was first isolated from vinegar and butyric acid was named after butyrum means butter.

• The IUPAC names of saturated monocarboxylic acids are alkanoic acids. These are derived from the names of the alkanes containing the same number of carbon atoms as the acid. The ending “e” of the alkane name is dropped and suffix-oic acid is added. Thus acetic acid gets the name ethanoicaeid. The position of substituents are indicated by Arabic numerals with the carboxyl group given number 1. 

• A number of methods for the preparation of carboxylic acids have already been discussed in the previous chapters. However, they are recalled again with different examples.
• 1. From Primary Alcohols and Aldehydes: Primary alcohols and aldehydes are readily oxidised to corresponding carboxylic acids by oxidising agents such as potassium dichromate in an acidic medium. Aldehydes are easily oxidised to corresponding carboxylic acids even by mild oxidizing agents such as Tollen’s Reagent (Ammoniacal silver nitrate).
• 2. From Alkanenitriles: Compounds having a cyanide ( - C ≡ N) group are called nitriles. Hydrolysis of an alkanenitrile on boiling with mineral acids or alkalis yields corresponding carboxylic acid. Alkanenitriles can be prepared by treating alkyl halide with alcoholic potassium cyanide.