2nd Year Biology Practical Book PDF

Important very easy 2nd Year Biology Practical Book PDF written by Honorable Professor Sehar Mubeen. These experiments are very helpful in the preparation of the 2nd Year Biology Practical Book PDF in Biology for the students and this is according to the Institute.

Summary and Contents:
Topics which are discussed in the notes are given below:
HOMEOSTASIS:
  • 1. Investigation of adaptive features of hydrophytes, halophytes, mesophytes and xerophytes from fresh material.
  • Important 2nd year biology practical for Intermediate part-II students.
SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT:
  • 2. Study of supportire tissues of plant
  • 3. Investigation of plant movements (phototropism and geotropism)
  • 4. Study of skeleton of frog
  • 5. Study of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles from prepared slide and preparation of slide of striated muscles of cockroach
  • 6. Preparation of slide of striated muscles of cockroach
  • 7A. Now muscle nerve preparation is ready to use. Place it on filter paper moistened with physiological saline or ringer's solution.
  • 7B. Study of simple muscle twitch using frog's muscle.
  • Important 2nd year biology practical book for Intermediate part-II students.
CO-ORDINATION AND CONTROL:
  • 8. Investigation of nervous system of cockroach
  • 9. Study of ductless glands (pancreas, thyroid) using microscopic sections.
REPRODUCTION:
  • 10. Exposure of urinogenital system of frog.
  • Important 2nd year biology practical notebook for Intermediate part-II students.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT:
  • 11. Investigation of effects of indole acetic acid (1AA) on growth of oat coleoptile or on the growth of germinated barley seeds.
  • 12. Study of structure of hen's egg.
  • 13. Study of development of chick embryo 48/72 hours after incubation.
  • Important second year biology practical book for Intermediate part-II students.
CELL CYCLE:
  • 14. Preparation of root tip squashes to study stages of mitosis.
  • 15. Preparation of squashes of rhoco discolor floral buds to study meiosis and observation of stages of meiosis from prepared slides and study of polytene chromosomes.
VARIATION AND GENETICS:
  • 16. Study of continuous variations in the height in man and discontinuous variation in tongue rolling in man and recording the result as histograms.
ECOSYSTEM:
  • 17. Investigation of food chain and food web of a pond ecosystem.
  • 18. Estimation of pyramids of numbers using simple techniques.
  • 19. Sampling of a grass and community by quadrat method.
  • 20A. Investigation of water content of soil samples.
  • 20B. Investigation of approximate soil texture or rough estimate of proportion of particles of different sizes in a soil sample.
  • Important 2nd year biology practical book pdf Punjab board for Intermediate part-II students.
STUDY OF SKELETON OF FROG:
  • Taxonomic Position:
  • Phylum, Chordata. Sub-phylum, Vertebrata. Sub-class,  Lissampbibia. Order, Anura. Sub-order, Phaneroglossa. Phaneroglossa, Species Rana Tigrina (Frog).
  • MATERIALS:  Articulated and disarticulated skeleton of frog.
  • PRODUCDURE: Study articulated and disarticulated skeleton of frog. Draw and label different parts.
  • SKELETON:  In frog skeleton consists partly of bone and partly of cartilage. The skeleton provides support and rigidity to the body. It protects the delicate parts and helps in locomotion. Frog possesses endoskeleton as it is lying inside the muscles. The skeleton can be divided into two parts: 1. an Axial skeleton consisting of skull and vertebral column. 2. an appendicular skeleton consisting of limbs and girdles.
  • SKULL:  The skull of frog consists of following parts: i) Cranium. ii) auditory capsules. iii) Olfactory capsules. iv) Upper and Lower jaws. v) Hyoid apparatus.
  • Coracoid Region:  The coracoid region is composed of pre-coracoid in front and coracoid behind. The precoracoid is a slender bar of cartilage which is covered antero-dorsally by a thin bone, the clavicle. The coracoid is a stout long rod expended at both ends, Two strips of cartilage, the epicoracoids lie between the ends of both the coracoids. The space between the coracoid and the clavicle is called coracoid foremen or fontanelle. The coracoid along with scapula form the glenoid cavity in each half, where head of the humerus (fore-limb) articulates.
  • Sternum:  It is attached to the mid-ventral portion of the pectoral girdle. It is composed of two bony rods. The anterior rod consists of episternum and omosternum and runs forwards from clavicles. The episternum is round cartilage present at anterior and while omosternum lies below it and bifurcates at its posterior end. The posterior rod of sternum extendds backwards from the coracoids. It consists of mesosternum (metasternum) and xiphisternum or xiphoid cartilage. The mesosternum lies below coracoid while xiphisternum is expanded cartilaginous part lying posterior to mesosternum.

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