10th Class Biology Chapter 9 Urdu Medium

Important Full Notes on 10th Class Biology Chapter 9 Urdu Medium written by Honorable Mr. Zahid Khan Suib. These computerized notes are very helpful in the preparation of Pharmacology as form of 10th Class Biology Chapter 18 Urdu Medium for students of the 10th class Biology and these are according to the paper patterns of all Punjab boards.

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• Important Multiple Choice Questions ( MCQs ) with correct Answers of Chapter No. 18: Pharmacology in Biology class 10th Urdu Medium.
• Important Short Questions with Correct Answers of Chapter No. 18: Pharmacology in Biology class 10th Urdu Medium.
• Pharmacology is the study of drug composition, properties and medical applications. The sources of drugs are also studied in pharmacology. Clinical pharmacology was present in the Middle Ages. Early pharmacologists focused on natural substances, mainly plant extracts. Pharmacology developed in the 19th century as a biomedical science. Any substance that, when absorbed into the body of a living organism, alters normal body function is known as a drug. Drugs are broadly classified into two types.
• A pharmaceutical drug or medicinal drug is defined as any chemical substance used in the diagnosis, cure, treatment, or prevention of disease. Some drugs often make person dependent on them, or addicted. These may be called as addictive drugs. By using such drug, the person’s body becomes familiar to it and the user cannot function well without it. In this chapter, we will learn about the functions of pharmaceutical drugs and the dangers of the addictive drugs.
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• Medicinal Drugs: Various diseases have been made easier to treat in recent years by the production of medicinal drugs. Drugs are obtained from the following sources.
• 1. Synthetic Drugs: Such drugs do not occur naturally but are synthesized in laboratory. Pharmaceutical companies produce these drugs e.g. aspirin.
• 2. Drugs from Plants and Fungi: Many important medicines are obtained from plants and fungi. These medicines include antibiotics, cardiotonics and certain analgesics. The antibiotic penicillin comes from a fungus. The cardiotonic, known as digitalis, is used to stimulate the heart. It is made from the leaves of purple flowered plant, foxglove. The pain reliever morphine is made from opium, which comes from the juice of opium poppy plant.
• 3. Drugs from Animals: Drugs obtained from animals are usually their glandular products. Fish liver oils, musk, bees’ wax, certain hormones and antitoxins are obtained from animal sources.
• 4. Drugs from Minerals: Several common drugs are produced from minerals. The mineral iodine is used in making tincture of iodine, a liquid that helps prevent infection when applied to cuts and bruises. The powder form of silver nitrate is applied on wounds to stop bleeding and prevent infection.
• 5. Drugs from Bacteria: Many antibiotics e.g. streptomycin are obtained from bacteria.
• Principle Usage Of Important Medicinal: Drugs Drugs are classified on the basis of their chemical properties and modes of action. 1.  Analgesics (painkillers) reduce pain e.g. aspirin, paracetamol etc. 2.  Antibiotics inhibit or kill bacteria and treat bacterial infections e.g. tetracycline, cephalosporin etc. 3.  Sedatives induce sedation by reducing irritability or excitement e.g. diazepam. 4.  Vaccines are used to develop immunity against viral and bacterial infections e.g. vaccines against small pox, whooping cough, hepatitis B etc.
• Addictive Drugs: The following are major categories of addictive drugs:
• 1. Sedatives: These drugs interact with central nervous system to depress its activities. Sedative drugs induce dizziness, lethargy, slow brain function and depression. Long-term use of sedative induce suicidal thoughts
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• 2. Narcotics: Narcotics are strong painkillers. These drugs are often prescribed in conjunction with other less potent painkillers (paracetamol or aspirin). These are used to relieve pain for patients with chronic diseases such as cancer. These are also used to relieve acute pain after operations. But some people may abuse narcotics for ecstatic effects. Morphine and codeine are the narcotics, derived from opium (poppy). Morphine acts directly on central nervous system to relieve pain. Morphine has a high potential for addiction. The most commonly abused narcotic i.e. heroin is a semi-synthetic drug from morphine. It affects on central nervous system and causes drowsiness.