Hydrocarbons Class 12

Complete handwritten notes on Chapter No. 16:  Hydrocarbons Class 12 written by Mr. Abdullah Javad. These notes are very helpful in the preparation of Hydrocarbons Class 12 for the students of Chemistry in the 2nd Year and these are according to the paper patterns of all Federal boards (FBISE ).

Summary and Contents:
Topics which are discussed in the notes are given below:

  • Definitions of Hydrocarbons and citations
  • Types of hydrocarbons
  • Definition of open-chain hydrocarbons with examples and types of open-chain hydrocarbons
  • Difference between saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons with examples
  • Closed chain  hydrocarbons or cyclic hydrocarbons or Ring hydrocarbons 
  • Difference between alicyclic hydrocarbons and aromatic Hydrocarbons with examples
  • Radical substitution reactions
  • Oxidation-reduction reaction
  • Definition of isomorphism and its type Structural (i) isomorphism (ii) chain isomorphism (iii)  position isomorphism (iv) functional isomorphism (v) materialism (vi)  Tautomerism
  • Definition of Stereoisomerism with examples
  • Definition of optical isomorphisms
  • ALKENES
  • Methods of preparation dehydration of alcohols and hydrogenation of alkyl halide
  • Addition of Reactions (i) Addition of Hydrogen (ii) Addition of HX (iii) Addition of Sulphuric acid  (iv) Addition of Hologen  (v) Addition of Hypochlorous acid
  • Oxidation reactions addition of oxygen epoxidation
  • Addition Reactions of Alkynes (i) Addition of Hydrogen  (ii) Partial Hydrogenation of Alkyne (iii) Hydrohalogenation  (iv) Hydration of Alkyne (v) Halogenation 
  • Benzene and substituted Benzene
  • Stability of benzene on the basis of resonance
  • Stability of benzene on the basis of resonance
  • Write the general mechanism of the electrophilic substitution reaction of Benzene.
  • Halogenation of alkyl benzene and Friedal-Craft reaction
  • Substitution effect and making a distributed benzene or origination in electrophilic substitution reactions
  • How will you convert acetylene into Benzene?

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