Class 12 Computer Science Chapter 1 Notes

• Important chapter 1 computer class 12 for Intermediate part-II students.
• Define Data, Information and Explain Operations on Data: Data : Data is a collection of facts, figures and statistics - related to an object, that can be processed to produce a meaningful information. Information : The manipulated and processed data is called information e.g., the percentage of students results. It is an output of a certain process.
• Important chapter 1 computer science class 12 python for Intermediate part-II students.
• Operations : Manipulation of data (after capturing from different sources) to achieve the required objectives and results. For this purpose, a software (program) is used to process raw data which is converted to meaningful information. These are categorized into three basic activities : Data Capturing : Data must be recorded or captured in some form before it can be processed. Data Manipulation : The following operations may then be performed on the gathered data. Classifying : Organizing data into classes /groups. Items may be assigned predetermined codes, they can be numeric, alphabetic or alphanumeric. Calculations : Arithmetic manipulation of the data. Sorting : Data is arranged in logical sequence (numerically or alphabetically). Summarizing : Masses of data are reduced to a more concise and usable form. Managing The Output Results : Once the data is captured & manipulated it may be : Storing and Retrieval : Data is retained for future reference. Accessing / fetching the stored data and / or information is the Retrieve Activity. Communication and Reproduction : Data may be transferred from one location or operation to another, for further processing. It is sometimes necessary to copy or to make duplicate of data, called Reproduction. 
• Important computer class 12 chapter 1 for Intermediate part-II students.
• Define and Explain Record and File: Record : A collection of related fields (facts about something) treated as a single unit is called a record. Let us see one student’s biographic information (record) : Roll Number 13-3101 Student Name Muhammad Saleem Class XI File : A collection of related records treated as a single unit is called a file or a data set. Records of all the students together, make a file. 
• Important computer science chapter 1 class 12 for Intermediate part-II students.
• Explain Types of File from Usage Point of View: Master File : These are the latest updated files which never become empty, ever since they are created. They maintain information that remains constant over a long period of time. Transaction File : Files in which data prior to the stage of processing is recorded. It may be temporary file, retained till the master file is updated. Backup File : Permanent files, for the purpose of protection of vital data. 
• Explain Types of File from Functional Point of View.
• Explain Types of File from Storage (File Organization) Point of View.
• Define & Explain Database.
• Explain Database Objectives: Data Integration : Information is coordinated from different files and operated on a single file. Data Integrity : If a data item is contained in more than one file, then all files must be updated if that item is changed.                           
• Data Interdependence : When the format of a file is changed, then all the programs have to be changed. However, a database allows the organization of data to be changed without the need to re-program. It allows programs to be modified without reorganization of data. 
• Important computer science class 12 chapter 1 for Intermediate part-II students.
• Explain Various Types of Database Models.
• Describe Database Management System (DBMS) and state Objectives of DBMS.
• Describe Advantages of Database Management System (DBMS).
• Describe Disadvantages of Database Management System (DBMS).
• Describe Features of Database Management System (DBMS).