Chapter 11 Physics Class 11 Notes

• Important from chapter 11 physics class 11 important questions Punjab Textbook.
• Kinetic theory of gases and Postulates of Kinetic theory of gases
• Definition of the pressure of the gas with the formula
• Relation to the pressure of the gas
• Interpretation of temperature with formula
• Derivation of gas law, Boyle's law, and Charle's Law
• Important from chapter 11 physics class 11 numericals Punjab Textbook.
• Definition of internal energy:  The sum of all forms of molecular energies (kinetic and potential) of a substance is termed as its internal energy. In the study of thermodynamics, usually ideal gas is considered as a working substance. The molecules of an ideal gas are mere mass points which exert no forces on one another. So the internal energy of an ideal gas system is generally the translational K.E. of its molecules. Since the temperature of a system is defined as the average K.E. of its molecules, thus for an ideal gas system, the internal energy is directly proportional to its temperature.
• When we heat a substance, energy associated with its atoms or molecules is increased i.e., heat is converted to internal energy.
• It is important to note that energy can be added to a system even though no heat transfer takes place. For example, when two objects are rubbed together, their internal energy increases because of mechanical work. The increase in temperature of the object is an indication of increase in the internal energy. Similarly, when an object slides over any surface and comes to rest because of frictional forces, the mechanical work done on or by the system is partially converted into internal energy.
• In thermodynamics, internal energy is a function of state. Consequently, it does not depend on path but depends on initial and final states of the system. Consider a system which undergoes a pressure and volume change from P, and V, to Po, and V respectively, regardless of the process by which
• Work and Heat and First Law of Thermodynamics with explanation
• Iso Thermal Process with explanation
• Diabatic Process with explanation
• Adiabatic Compression with examples
• Important from chapter 11 physics class 11 exercise solutions Punjab Textbook.
• Molar Specific Heats of a gas
• Molar-specific heat at constant pressure
• Types of molar specific heat of a gas  and molar specific heat at constant volume
• Definition of reversible and Irreversible process at constant volume/ at constant pressure
• Important from chapter 11 physics class 11 short questions Punjab Textbook.
• Definition of a cycle with examples 
• Definition of a heat engine with its principle
• State and prove carnot engine and Carnot's theorem
• How the power is lost in optical fibre through dispersion? Explain. Ans: Power is lost in optical fibre through dispersion due to: • When light signal is not perfectly monochromatic, then light will disperse on passing through the core of the optical fibre into different wavelengths λ1, λ2 and λ3. • When light signals travel along fibres by multiple reflection, some light is absorbed due to impurities in the glass. • Some of it is scattered by groups of atoms which are formed at places such as joints when fibres are joined together. Carefully manufacturing can reduce the power losses by scattering and absorption. 
• Important from chapter 11 physics class 11 exercise Punjab Textbook.
• The thermodynamic scale of temperature
• Definition of the petrol engine
• Definition and explanation of Entropy
• The second law of thermodynamics in terms of Entropy
• Questions and their Solutions to the Exercises
• Important from chapter 11 physics class 11 conceptual questions Punjab Textbook.

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