Biochemistry Class 12

Complete handwritten notes on Chapter No. 21:  Biochemistry Class 12 written by Mr. Abdullah Javad. These notes are very helpful in the preparation of Biochemistry Class 12 for the students of Chemistry in the 2nd Year and these are according to the paper patterns of all Federal boards (FBISE ).

Summary and Contents:
Topics which are discussed in the notes are given below:

  • Definition of Biochemistry
  • Types of Macromolecules (i) Carbohydrates (ii) Lipids  (iii) Proteins  (iii) Nucleic acids
  • Definition of Disaccharide with examples
  • Definition of Polysaccharides with examples
  • Functions of carbohydrates and Nutritional importance of carbohydrate
  • Definition of diabetes
  • Definition of Protein with examples and classification of proteins (i) simple proteins with examples (ii)  conjugated proteins with examples (iii)  derived proteins with examples
  • The structures of proteins (i)  primary structure (ii)  secondary structure (iii) tertiary structure (iv)   Quatenary structure of proteins
  • Properties of proteins and Importance of proteins
  • Definition of enzymes with examples of enzymes as biocatalysts and Lock and Key Model
  • Induced fit Model and Factors affecting enzyme activity
  • Definition of enzymes with examples of enzymes as bicarbonates
  • Inhibition of enzyme (i)  Irreversible inhibition (ii) reversible and inhibition 
  • competitive inhibition and non-competitive inhibition with examples and graphs application of enzymes
  • Definition of Lipids with examples
  • Classification of Lipids (i) simple Lipids (ii) compound Lipids with examples (iii)  derived Lipids with example
  • structure of Lipids properties of Lipids physical properties chemical properties
  • (i)  hydrolysis of fat and oils  (ii) Saponification (iii) Hardening of Oil
  • Nutritional roles of Lipids and biochemical roles of lipids
  • Definition of essential Lipids with resources and non-essential Lipids with resources
  • Definition of nucleic acid and its type
  • The structural component of DNA and RNA
  • Components of nucleotides (i) Pentose sugar (ii) Nitrogenous Bases (iii) Phosphoric Acid
  • Difference between DNA and RNA
  • Storage of genetic information
  • Definition and types of minerals

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