Aldehydes and Ketones Class 12

Complete handwritten notes on Chapter No. 19:  Aldehydes and Ketones Class 12 written by Mr. Abdullah Javad. These notes are very helpful in the preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones Class 12 for the students of Chemistry in the 2nd Year and these are according to the paper patterns of all Federal boards (FBISE ).

Summary and Contents:
Topics which are discussed in the notes are given below:

  • Definition and structural formula of aldehydes with examples
  • Definition and structural formula of ketones with examples
  • Physical properties of ketones and aldehyde
  • Preparations of aldehydes and ketones (i) Ozonolysis of alkenes (ii)  Hydration of alkyne (iii)  Oxidation of alcohols (iv)  Friedel-Craft Acylation
  • What is the reactivity with its structure formula?
  • Reactions of carbonyl compounds (i) Nucleophilic addition
  • Base Catalysed Nu addition reaction (ii) Addition of HCN
  • Addition of Grignard's Reagent (R-Mg-X)
  • Addition of Sodium Bi.sulphite 
  • Definitions and types of condensation reactions (i) Aldol Condensation (ii) Canizzar'os Reaction
  • What is Haloform Reactions
  • Iodoform Test  (ii) Acid-Catalyzed Nucleophilic Addition
  • Polymerization Reactions and Addition of Ammonia Derivatives 
  • Addition of Alcohol in Aldehydes and uses
  • Reduction reactions (i) Clemessen's and Wolf Kishner reduction reactions (a) Clemmesen's Reduction (b) Wolf Kishner's Reactions
  • Oxidation reactions (i) oxidation of aldehyde (ii) oxidation of ketones
  • Exercise questions with their solutions of aldehydes and ketones

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