2nd Year Chemistry Chapter 12 Notes

• Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 12 mcqs for Intermediate part-II students.
• Describe preparation of formalin from methanol on commercial scale.
• Explain one method of formation of formaldehyde from methyl alcohol.
• Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 12 short questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• Write a method for the commercial preparation of acetaldehyde? 
• Convert calcium acetate to acetone. 
• For Aldol condensation the presence of α-hydrogen is must in aldehydes and ketones. Give reasons. 
• Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 12 solved exercise pdf for Intermediate part-II students.
• How is crotonaldehyde obtained from Aldol?
• What are disproportionation reactions?
• Justify that Cannizaro’s reaction is a self-redox reaction. 
• Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 12 solved exercise for Intermediate part-II students.
• Convert formaldehyde to meta-formaldehyde?
• What is the importance of converting aldehyde to Acetal?
• Describe reaction of aldehyde with ammonia?
• Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 12 important long questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• How aldehydes and Ketones are reduced to alcohols?
• Write the names of those weak oxidizing agents which can oxidize aldehydes but not ketones. 
• Why the oxidation of Ketones is difficult?
• Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 12 important short questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• What are the factors which make aldehydes more reactive than ketones?
• How aldehydes are identified by Tollen’s test? OR Tollen’s test is also called silver mirror test. Justify it. 
• Give examples of mild oxidizing agents?
• Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 12 long questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• Fehling’s solution reacts with aldehydes to give red ppt. justify it. 
• How is acetaldehyde distinguished from formaldehyde?
• How Iodoform is prepared from ethanol and acetaldehyde?
• Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 12 exercise for Intermediate part-II students.
• Write uses of acetaldehyde (Any two or four can be asked)
• Describe briefly the acid-catalyzed mechanism of nucleophilic addition to a carbonyl compound.
• Convert acetaldehyde to paraldehyde. 
• Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 12 exercise short questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• Give the mechanism of addition of HCN to aldehyde or ketone. 
• Describe preparation of acetaldehyde from ethanol in laboratory.
• How aldehydes and ketones react with NaHSO3? 
• Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 12 solved exercise short questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• How does formaldehyde react with the following reagents?
• Mention the tests for the identification of aldehydes. 
• Give mechanism of nucleophilic addition reactions in aldehydes and ketones.
• Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 12 Important Questions for Intermediate part-II students.
• Mention the tests for the identification of ketones.
• Mention the tests for the identification of both aldehydes and ketones.
• Give mechanism of aldol condensation.
• Important 2nd year chemistry chapter 12 notes pdf for Intermediate part-II students.
• Give mechanism of Cannizzaro’s reaction.
• INTRODUCTION: Organic compounds containing the carbonyl functional group, = C = o, are called carbonyl compounds. In a carbonyl group, a carbon atom is bonded to oxygen with a double bond. In aldehydes, the carbonyl group is bonded to at least one hydrogen atom, and so it occurs at the end of a chain. An aldehyde can be represented by the general formula, In ketones, the carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms, and so it occurs within a chain. A ketone may be represented by the general formula,
• The homologous series of both aldehydes and ketones have the general formula, Cn H2nO. Aldehydes and ketones are present in many naturally occurring compounds. The aldehyde group is present in most sugars. They are the principal constituents of a number of essential oils used as fragrances and flavours. Ketonic group is present in camphor and menthone.
• NOMENCLATURE: a. Aldehydes: Common Names: The common names of aldehydes are obtained from the common names of carboxylic acids containing the same number of carbon atoms. The ending -ic acid in the common name of the acid is replaced by the word aldehyde.
• IUPAC Names:  The IUPAC names of aldehydes are derived from the names of alkanes having the same number of carbon atoms. The letter - e in the name of the alkane is replaced with al The positions of other groups on the chain are indicated by using numbers. Numbering starts from the carbonyl carbon. Aromatic aldehydes are not given IUPAC names.
• b. Ketones: Common Names: The common names of ketones are obtained by separately writing the names of the alky! groups attached to the carbonyl carbon. The word ketone is then added as a separate word. The names of the alkyl groups are written alphabetically. When the two alkyl groups are the same, the prefix di - is added before the name of the alkyl group.