10th Class Physics Chapter 9 Notes Urdu Medium

Complete Notes on Chapter No.18:  10th Class Physics Chapter 9 Notes Urdu Medium in Physics Urdu Medium written by Professor Sir Fahad Abbas Suib. These computerized notes are very helpful in the preparation of Atomic and Nuclear Physics Class 10 for students of the Physics and these are according to the paper patterns of all Punjab boards.

• Our comprehensive 10th Class Physics Chapter 9 Notes Urdu Medium will ensure you're fully prepared for your exams.
• This chapter provides the basics of Atomic and Nuclear Physics to the students about Atoms and Nucleus.
• The chapter also helps in the exercise Short and Long Questions with their easy Answers, Numerical Problems, and MCQs to test understanding and application of concepts.
• By reading these notes students will be able to understand the concepts and applications in the era of the fields.
• Isotopes are species with the same atomic number and therefore chemical properties but different number of neutrons and numbers and therefore different mass or number isomer is nuclides that have the same atomic (Z), mass (A), and neutron (N) and numbers but differing nuclear energy states.
• Describe the structure of an atom in terms of a nucleus and electrons.
• Describe the composition of the nucleus in terms of protons and neutrons.
• Explain that number of protons in a nucleus distinguishes one element from the other.
• Represent various nuclides by using the symbol of proton number Z, nucleon number A and the nuclide notation X.
• Explain that some nuclei are unstable, give out radiation to get rid of excess energy and are said to be radioactive.
• Describe that the three types of radiation.
• Represent changes in the composition of the nucleus by symbolic equations when alpha or beta particles are emitted.
• Describe that radioactive emissions occur randomly over space and time. 
• Explain the meaning of hal-life of a radioactive material.
• Describe briefly the processes of fission and fusion.
• Show an awareness of the existence of background radiation and its sources.
• Describe the process of carbon dating to estimate the age of ancient objects.
• Describe hazards of radioactive materials.
• Scientists were always interested to know the smallest particle of matter. Greek Philosopher Democritus in 585 BC postulated that matter is built from small particles called atoms. The atom means indivisible in Greek language. Rutherford in 1911, discovered that atom had a central part called the nucleus. In this unit, we will describe different aspects of atomic and nuclear physics such as radioactivity, half-life, nuclear reactions, fission and fusion.
• ATOM AND ATOMIC NUCLEUS:
• Rutherford discovered that the positive charge in an atom was concentrated in a small region called nucleus. The nucleus contains protons and neutrons which are collectively called nucleons. Atom also contains electrons which revolve in nearly circular orbits about the positively charged nucleus. The simplest atom is that of hydrogen, nucleus of which is a single proton. We describe an element with respect to its nucleus and use the following quantities: The atomic number Z is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. The neutron number N is equal to the number of neutrons in the nucleus. The atomic mass number A is equal to the number of nucleons (protons + neutrons) in the nucleus i.e., A= Z+N. The mass of neutron is nearly equal to that of proton. But proton is about 1836 times heavier than an electron. So the mass of an atom is nearly equal to the sum of masses of protons and neutrons.
• ISOTOPES: Isotopes are atoms of an element which have same number of protons but different number of neutrons in their nuclie. Three isotopes of Hydrogen. Protium contains one proton in the nucleus and one electron tha revolves round the nucleus. Deuterium contains one proton, one neutron and one electron. Tritium contains one proton, two neutrons and one electron.