10th Class Chemistry Chapter 3 Notes

Complete Notes of Chapter No. 11: Organic Chemistry Class 10 or 10th Class Chemistry Chapter 3 Notes by Mr. Tasneem Haider. These computerized notes are very helpful in the preparation of 10th Class Chemistry Chapter 3 Notes for students of the 10th class Chemistry and these are according to the paper patterns of all Punjab boards.

• Here are the detailed chemistry notes class 10 chapter 3 to help you prepare for your exams.
• Important Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) of Chapter No. 11: Organic Chemistry for Chemistry Urdu Medium 10th Class.
• Important Short Questions of Chapter No. 11: Organic Chemistry for Chemistry Urdu Medium 10th Class.
• Introduction: Initially (before 1828), the name organic chemistry was given for the chemistry of compounds obtained from plants and animals, i.e., from living organism. The word organic signifies life. Lavoisier showed that compounds obtained from plants were often made of C, H and O elements while compounds obtained from animals contain elements C, H, N, O, S, P.... etc. In early 19th century, Swedish chemist Jacob Berzellius put forward the “Vital Force Theory”. According to this theory, organic compounds could not be prepared in laboratories because they were supposed to be synthesized under the influence of a mysterious force called Vital Force, inherent only in living things.
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• ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: Organic compounds are hydrocarbons (compounds of carbon and hydrogen only ) and their derivatives, in which covalently bonded carbon is an essential constituent. "The branch of chemistry which deals with the study of hydrocarbons and their derivatives is known as organic chemistry".
• Though, the oxides of carbon like carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, carbonates, bicarbonates and carbides are also carbon compounds, they are not treated as organic compounds because their properties are quite different from those of organic compounds. Each organic compound has specific formula. There are four types of formulae of organic compounds: • Molecular formula • Structural formula • Condensed formula • Dot and cross formula.
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• Molecular Formula: The formula which represents the actual number of atoms in one molecule of the organic compound is called the molecular formula, e.g., molecular formula of butane is C4H10. It shows: a. Butane is made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms. b. Each molecule of butane consists of 4 carbon atoms and 10 hydrogen atoms.
• Structural Formula: Structural formula of a compound represents the exact arrangement of the different atoms of various elements present in a molecule of a substance. In a structural formula, single bond is represented by a single line (-), a double bond by two lines (=) and a triple bond by three lines ( ) between the bonded atoms. Organic compounds may have same molecular formulae but different structural formulae, e.g., structural formulae of butane C4H10 are:
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• Condensed Formula: The formula that indicates the group of atoms joined together to each carbon atom in a straight chain or a branched chain is called the condensed formula. 
• Electronic or Dot and Cross Formula: The formula which shows the sharing of electrons between various atoms in one molecule of the organic compound is called dot and cross formula or electronic formula. 
• Classification of Organic Compounds: All known organic compounds have been broadly divided into two categories depending upon their carbon skeleton. These are: (i) Open chain or acyclic compounds. (ii) Closed chain or cyclic compounds.
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• Open chain or Acyclic compounds: Open chain compounds are those in which the end carbon atoms are not joined with each other, in this way they form a long chain of carbon atoms. These chains may be either straight or branched.
• Closed chain or Cyclic compounds: Closed chain or cyclic compounds are those in which the carbon atoms at the end of the chain are not free. They are linked to form a ring. They are further divided into two classes: (a) Homocyclic or carbocyclic compounds. (b) Heterocyclic compounds.  
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• a) Homocyclic or Carbocyclic compounds. Homocyclic or carbocyclic compounds contain rings which are made up of only one kind of atoms, i.e., carbon atoms. These are further divided into two classes:
• Aromatic compounds 
• Alicyclic compounds