10th Class Biology Chapter 6 Urdu Medium

Important Full Notes on 10th Class Biology Chapter 6 Urdu Medium written by Honorable Mr. Zahid Khan Suib. These computerized notes are very helpful in the preparation of Inheritance as form of 10th Class Biology Chapter 15 Urdu Medium for students of the 10th class Biology and these are according to the paper patterns of all Punjab boards.

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• Important Multiple Choice Questions ( MCQs ) with correct Answers of Chapter No. 15: Inheritance in Biology class 10th Urdu Medium.
• Important Short Questions with Correct Answers of Chapter No. 15: Inheritance in Biology class 10th Urdu Medium.
• Introduction To Genetics: Genetics is the branch of biology in which we study inheritance. Inheritance means the transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring. These characteristics are called the traits. For example: in man height, colour of the eyes, intelligence etc. are all inheritable traits. Parents pass characteristics to their young through gene transmission. Equal numbers of chromosomes from each parent are combined during fertilization. The chromosomes carry the units of inheritance called the genes.
• Chromosomes And Genes: Genes consist of DNA. They contain specific instructions for protein synthesis. In order to know the nature and working of genes, we will have to study chromosomes in detail. The body cells have a constant number of paired chromosomes. The two chromosomes of a pair are known as homologous chromosomes. In human body cells, there are 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes for a total of 46 chromosomes.
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• We may recall that during meiosis, the two members of each chromosome pair separate and each of them enters into one gamete. Chromosome is made of chromatin material (simply as chromatin). Chromatin is a complex material, made of DNA and proteins (mainly histone proteins). DNA wraps around histone proteins and forms round structures, called nucleosomes. DNA is also present between nucleosomes. In this way, the nucleosomes and the DNA between them look like “beads on a string”. The fibres consisting of nucleosomes condense into compact forms and get the structure of chromosomes.
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• Watson-Crick Model of DNA: In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick proposed the structure for DNA. According to the Watson-Crick model, a DNA molecule consists of two polynucleotide strands. These strands are coiled around each other in the form of a double helix. There is a phosphate-sugar backbone on the outside of double helix, and the nitrogenous bases are on the inside. In double helix, the nitrogenous bases of opposite nucleotides form pairs through hydrogen bonds. This pairing is very specific. The nitrogenous base adenine of one nucleotide forms pair with the thymine of opposing nucleotide, while cytosine forms pair with guanine. There are two hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine while there are three hydrogen bonds between cytosine and guanine.
• How Does the DNA of Chromosome work?
• DNA is the genetic material i.e. it contains the instructions to direct all the functions of cells. It performs its role by giving instructions for the synthesis of specific proteins. Some proteins perform structural roles while the others act as enzymes to control all biochemical reactions of cells. In this way, whatever a cell does, is actually controlled by its DNA. In other words, DNA makes the characteristic or trait of cell or organism.
• We studied that traits are made by specific proteins. Specific proteins have specific number and sequence of their amino acids. DNA controls this sequence of amino acids by the sequence of its nucleotides. During protein synthesis, the sequence of DNA nucleotides decides that what will be the sequence of amino acids. For this purpose, the specific sequence of DNA nucleotides is copied in the form of messenger RNA (mRNA) nucleotides. This process is called transcription. The mRNA carries the sequence of its nucleotides to ribosome. The ribosome reads this sequence and joins specific amino acids, according to it, to form protein. This step is known as translation. The part of DNA (sequence of nucleotides) that contains the instructions for the synthesis of a particular protein is known as a gene. DNA of each chromosome contains thousands of genes. Like chromosomes, genes also occur in pairs, one on each homologous chromosome. The locations or positions of genes on chromosomes are known as loci (Singular: locus).